Slot milling sequence

ABSTRACT

A slot milling sequence includes a plurality of material removal processes or operations. Each of the material removal operations includes utilization of an end mill tool. Some of the material removal operations utilize trochoidal tool paths, whereas other material removal processes utilize one or more profile cuts. Some material removal operations that utilize profile cuts remove material from both sides of the cut in a single pass, whereas other material removal operations remove material from one side of the cut via a first pass of the end mill tool and remove material from the opposing side of the cut via a second pass of the end mill tool.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/733,049 filed Apr. 30, 2020, which claims priority to andthe benefit of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/057733having an International filing date of Oct. 26, 2018, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/580,160 filed on Nov. 1,2017, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular surfacesby feeding a work piece against a rotating cutter that contains a numberof cutting edges. Milling machines are generally characterized as eithervertical or horizontal, and include a motor-driven spindle that receivesand rotates the milling cutter. These machines are utilized to perform anumber of material-removal processes, including forming a slot in a workpiece.

Slots may be milled into a work piece via a variety of methods and,often times, a particular method is selected based on the parameters ofa particular application. In some applications, slots are milled via aside and face milling procedure. This procedure is often utilized toefficiently form long and/or deep slots, and may be arranged as a “gang”to machine more than one surface in the same plane at the same time.However, end milling procedures may be utilized to form slots that arecurved, angled, and/or wider than the tool diameter.

Various types of cutting tools or cutters may be utilized to form aslot. For example, tapered and/or untapered end mills may be utilized toroughen at least a portion of the slot and then the wider diameterportion near the bottom of the slot may be roughened with one or morebulbed end mills. Further, the slot may be finished or semi-finishedwith one or more bulbed end mills. Conventional slot milling procedures,however, are inefficient and lead to increased wear and tear on thecutters and machines. This presents a challenge in machining operationssince worn-out tools damage the work piece and need to be replaced, butmay only be replaced when the machine is turned off, thereby increasingdown time and adding inefficiency to the machining process.

SUMMARY

Embodiments disclosed herein are directed towards various methods offorming slots and tools utilized in the various operations of suchmethods.

In one embodiment, a method of machining a bulb slot in a disc isdisclosed. Here, the method includes roughing a slot in the disc,roughing upper angle portions in the slot, roughing lower angle portionsin the slot, roughing a bulb form in the upper angle portions and thelower angle portions of the slot, semi-finishing the bulb form, andfinishing the bulb form to form the bulb slot. In this method, the stepof roughing a slot in the disc may be performed via a first rougher toolthat is fed through the disc along a trochoidal tool path. Also in thismethod, the step of roughing upper angle portions in the slot may beperformed via a first rougher tool that is fed through the disc along afirst and second tool path, wherein a first of the upper angle portionsmay be formed via the first tool path and a second of the upper angleportions may be formed via the second tool path; and, in suchembodiments, the first rougher tool may be tilted in a first orientationfor the first tool path and the first rougher tool may be tilted in asecond orientation for the second tool path. In other embodiments, thestep of roughing lower angle portions in the slot may be performed via afirst rougher tool that is fed through the disc along a first and secondtool path, wherein a first of the lower angle portions is formed via thefirst tool path and a second of the lower angle portions is formed viathe second tool path; and, in such embodiments, the first rougher toolmay be tilted in a first orientation for the first tool path and thefirst rougher tool may be tilted in a second orientation for the secondtool path.

In some embodiments, the step of roughing upper angle portions in theslot is performed via a first rougher tool that is fed through the discalong a first and second tool path, wherein a first of the upper angleportions is formed via the first tool path where the first rougher toolis tilted in a first orientation and a second of the upper angleportions is formed via the second tool path where the first rougher toolis tilted in a second orientation; and the step of roughing lower angleportions in the slot is performed via the first rougher tool that is fedthrough the disc along a third and fourth tool path, wherein a first ofthe lower angle portions is formed via the third tool path where thefirst rougher tool is tilted in a third orientation and a second of thelower angle portions is formed via the fourth tool path where the firstrougher tool is tilted in a fourth orientation. In these embodiments,the step of roughing a slot in the disc is performed via the firstrougher tool.

In some embodiments, the step of finishing the bulb form to form thebulb slot is performed via a finishing tool. The finishing tool mayinclude a plurality of flutes helically extending along a cuttingportion, each of the flutes defining a cutting edge and a plurality ofteeth arranged on a cutting face of the finishing tool, each of theteeth extending from one of cutting edges, at least one of the pluralityof teeth extending over a centerline of the cutting face. Here, aremaining set of the plurality of teeth do not extend over thecenterline of the cutting face. In some of these embodiments, each ofthe remaining set of the plurality of teeth are spaced at equaldistances from a center point of the cutting face; whereas, in otherembodiments, at least two of the remaining set of the plurality of teethare spaced at unequal distances from a center point of the cutting face.In some embodiments, the finishing tool includes a central channel thatextends through the finishing tool and opens at least one side holeprovided on at least one of the flutes. The finishing channel may beincorporated into a shank portion of the finishing tool to directcoolant or other fluids down the flutes space to the cutting zone. Insome of these embodiments, the finishing tool includes a coating such asa physical vapor deposition coating.

In some embodiments, the step of semi-finishing the bulb form isperformed via a semi-finishing tool, and the semi-finishing tool isconverted from the finishing tool by removing the at least one of theplurality of teeth that extends over the centerline of the cutting face.In some of these embodiments, the semi-finishing tool includes aplurality of cutting edges that helically extend about a cutting portionof the semi-finishing tool and each extend into one of the plurality ofteeth on the cutting face, the cutting portion defining a diameter thatis smaller than the finishing tool. In some of these embodiments, thesemi-finishing tool includes a central channel that extends through thesemi-finishing tool and opens at a hole provided on the cutting face. Insome of these embodiments, each of the cutting edges includes a variableedge hone. In some of these embodiments, the semi-finishing toolincludes a physical vapor deposition coating.

In some embodiments, the step of roughing the bulb form in the upperangle portions and the lower angle portions of the slot is performed viaa form rougher tool, and the form rougher tool is converted from thesemi-finishing tool by reducing a diameter of the semi-finishing tool.In some of these embodiments, a plurality of chip breaker notches areprovided into the cutting edges. In some of these embodiments, the formrougher tool includes a physical vapor deposition coating.

In another embodiment, a method of cutting a slot for a disc isdisclosed where the slot having a groove portion that is formed in anouter surface of the disc and extends in a groove depth direction into abulb portion so that the slot has a bulb shape beneath the outer surfaceof the disc, the slot is bilaterally symmetrical with respect to acenter of the groove portion and the bulb portion, the groove portionincludes a tapered portion that narrows as it extends in the groovedepth into the bulb portion. Here, the method includes: a firstoperation in which a first roughening is performed via a first toolhaving a tapered shape with a diameter that narrows along the groovedepth direction, the first tool cutting in parallel with the groovedepth direction down from the outer surface towards a portion that willbecome a beginning of the bulb portion and leaving a first allowance; asecond operation in which a second roughening is performed via a secondtool, the second tool cutting in parallel with the groove depthdirection down from the outer surface towards a portion that will becomean end of the bulb portion and leaving a second allowance; a thirdoperation in which a third roughening is performed via a third tool, thethird tool having a bulbed cutting portion, the third tool cutting atleast a portion of the second allowance in parallel with the groovedepth direction down from the tapered portion towards the portion thatwill become the end of the bulb portion and leaving a third allowance; afourth operation in which a semi-finishing is performed via a fourthtool, the fourth tool cutting in parallel with the groove depth andcutting the first, second, and third allowances, and leaving a fourthallowance; and a fifth operation in which a finishing is performed via afifth tool, the fifth tool cutting in parallel with the groove depthdirection and cutting the first, second, third, and fourth allowances.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of thepresent disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments.The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications,alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure.

FIG. 1A is a side isometric side view of a slot that is machinedaccording to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1B is a front isometric view of a slot that is machined accordingto the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1C is a detailed front view of an exemplary slot that is machinedaccording to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the slot cutting sequence according to one ormore embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a representation of the top of the slot roughening operation(Op1) according to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a side view of a rough cutting tool utilized in the top ofthe slot roughening operation (Op1) according to one or more embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 4A is a representation of the bottom of the slot rougheningoperation (Op2) according to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4B is a side view of a rough cutting tool utilized in the bottom ofthe slot roughening operation (Op2) according to one or more embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 5A is a representation of the bottom of an alternate slotroughening operation (Op2) that is formed with an alternate end mill,according to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B is a side view of an alternate rough cutting end mill utilizedin the bottom of the slot roughening operation (Op2) according to one ormore embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are representations of the bulb slot rougheningoperation (Op3) according to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6C is a side view of a bulb cutting tool utilized in the bulb slotroughening operation (Op3) according to one or more embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7A is a representation of the semi-finishing operation (Op4)according to the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7B is a side view of a bulb cutting tool utilized in thesemi-finishing operation (Op4) according to one or more embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 8A is a representation of the finishing operation (Op5) accordingto the principles of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8B is a side view of a bulb cutting tool utilized in the finishingoperation (Op5) according to one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an alternate slot cutting sequence accordingto one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates a slot formed utilizing the slot milling sequence ofFIG. 9.

FIG. 11 illustrates a main portion of the slot of FIG. 10 roughened viaa first operation of the milling sequence of FIG. 9.

FIGS. 12A-12C illustrates the upper angle portions roughened via asecond operation of the milling sequence of FIG. 9 when forming of theslot of FIG. 10.

FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate the lower angle portions formed via a thirdoperation of the milling sequence of FIG. 9 when forming of the slot ofFIG. 10.

FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate bulbs roughened via a fourth operation of themilling sequence of FIG. 9 when forming of the slot of FIG. 10.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate semi-finished sides formed via a fifthoperation of the milling sequence of FIG. 9 when forming of the slot ofFIG. 10.

FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate finished sides formed via a sixth operation ofthe milling sequence of FIG. 9 when forming of the slot of FIG. 10.

FIG. 17 is a side view of a finishing tool that may be utilized in afinishing operation of one or more of the milling sequences describedherein.

FIG. 18 is a top view of the finishing tool of FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a top view of the finishing tool of FIG. 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is related to a milling sequence and, moreparticularly, to a milling sequence that may be used to form a slot in awork piece.

The embodiments described herein provide a method of cutting a slot in awork piece such as a round disc that may be utilized, for example, tomount a turbine blade on an outer circumference of a rotor.

The embodiments described herein provide milling sequences that utilizea plurality of different end mills and tools, with each end mill beingutilized in a discrete material removal operation or process. Otherembodiments described herein provide milling sequences that utilizedifferent end mills and thus help reduce wear and tear and otherwiseimprove milling efficiency.

FIGS. 1A-1C illustrate a slot 100 (sometimes referred to as the finishedslot 100) that may be formed according to the principles of the presentdisclosure. In the illustrated embodiments, the slot 100 is machinedinto an aluminum work piece or blank 102; however, in other embodiments,the work piece 102 may comprise steel, titanium, and/or metals or metalalloys. As illustrated, the slot 100 is symmetrical with respect to avertical centerline 104 of the slot 100, and the slot 100 includes at anupper end 106 thereof a groove portion 108, as well as a bulb portion110 at a lower end 112 of the slot 100. In addition, the groove portion108 includes a tapered portion 114 that leads into the bulb portion 110.As illustrated, the slot 100 is a groove that is formed into an outersurface 116 of the work piece 102 and extends down (in the “Z” directionor the groove depth) to a base 118 of the finished slot 100.

It will be appreciated, however, that in other embodiments, thepresently disclosed milling method may be utilized to form slots havingdifferent geometries by utilizing different end mills and/or sequencesof the same. For example, slots having upside-down “Christmas Tree”shaped geometries and that become narrower in a groove depth direction,but include lateral grooves with widths that increase and decrease suchthat the lateral grooves of the “Christmas Tree” slot alternatelyinclude narrow portions where the groove width becomes narrower and wideportions where the groove width becomes wider; and such alternativeslots may be formed utilizing different end mills that may include, forexample, end mills having “Christmas Tree” geometries. It will beappreciated that in even other embodiments, other slots having evendifferent geometries may be formed according to the principles of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a slot milling sequence 200 that may be utilized toform the slot 100 according to one or more embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In the illustrated embodiment, the slot milling sequence 200includes five distinct operations or processes. For example, the slotmilling sequence 200 includes a first operation (Op1) that is a firstroughening operation that removes material from the work piece 102 atthe upper end 106 of the slot 100, a second operation (Op2) that is asecond roughening operation that removes material from the work piece102 at the lower end 112 of the slot 100, a third operation (Op3) thatis a third roughening operation that removes material from the workpiece 102 at the bulb portion 110 of the slot 100, a fourth operation(Op4) that is a semi-finishing operation that removes material from thework piece 102 at the bulb portion 110 of the slot 100, and a fifthoperation (Op5) that is a finishing operation that removes materialalong the finished shape of the slot 100. It will be appreciated thateach of the foregoing operations removes a certain amount of material,but leaves certain amounts of material (an allowance) that will bemachined in one or more subsequent operations. Each of these operationsis discussed below in greater detail.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate aspects of the first operation (Op1) according toone or more embodiments. More specifically, FIG. 3A illustrates theroughening of a top portion 302 of the slot 100 that is formed duringthe first operation (Op1) and FIG. 3B illustrates a tool or end mill 304utilized in the illustrated embodiment to cut or roughen the top portion302 of the slot 100. In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 304 isa high-performance rougher (“HPR”) taper tool comprising a shank 306,and a cutting portion 308 that tapers into a cutting tip 310. Here, theend mill 304 of the first operation (Op1) is tool number S03315 iss1,and its cutting portion 308 includes an approximately 20 millimeters(“mm”) diameter, whereas its cutting tip 310 includes an approximately18 mm diameter.

In this step of the slot milling sequence 200, the end mill 304 isinstalled within the spindle (and/or a collet thereof) of a millingmachine (not illustrated) and oriented at approximately 24 mm above (inthe “Z” dimension) what would be the base 118 of the finished slot 100,and then fed through the work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately400 mm per minute (“mm/min”), in a trochoidal path having a trochoidalstep-over of approximately 1.5 mm, and with a rotational speed ofapproximately 1,500 revolutions per minute (“rpm”). The end mill 304 maybe secured within the spindle of the milling machine via a tool holdingitem such as, for example, a MST Z-Lock shrink holder. Performing thefirst operation (Op1) with the foregoing parameters forms the topportion 302 of the slot 100 such that the top portion 302 has a width ofapproximately 22 mm and such that a base 312 of the top portion 302 isapproximately 24 mm above (in the “Z” dimension) the base 118 of thefinished slot 100. The top portion 302 is dimensionally smaller than the(finished) slot 100 such that a first allowance remains about the topportion 302 that will be removed via one or more subsequent materialremoval steps. Thus, as will be appreciated, the trochoidal path of theend mill 304 produces the top portion 302 that is wider than thediameter of the end mill 304.

In some embodiments, coolant is utilized to keep the end mill 304 cool,the exposed surfaces of the top portion 302 of the slot 100 cool, toassist in removal of swarth generated during the cutting process of thefirst operation (Op1), and/or to provide lubrication. In one suchembodiment, the end mill 304 includes a through coolant system such thatcoolant flows through a channel within the end mill 304 and is expelledtherefrom, for example, from an aperture 314 at the cutting tip 310. Inother embodiments, rather than dispensing the coolant directly from theend mill 310 itself, the coolant may instead be applied directly to thework piece 102 and the end mill 302 from a dispenser that is external tothe end mill 302.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate aspects of the second operation (Op2) accordingto one or more embodiments. More specifically, FIG. 4A illustrates theroughening of a bottom portion 402 of the slot 100 that is formed duringthe second operation (Op2) and FIG. 4B illustrates a tool or end mill404 utilized in the illustrated embodiment to cut or roughen the bottomportion 402 of the slot 100.

Upon completion of the first operation (Op1), the end mill 304 isremoved from the spindle (and/or the collet thereof) of the millingmachine, and the end mill 404 of the second operation (Op2) is installedtherein. In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 404 is a HPR toolcomprising a shank 406, and a cutting portion 408 that terminates at acutting tip 410. Here, the end mill 404 of the second operation (Op2) istool number S03217 iss1, and the cutting portion 408 includes anapproximately 20 mm diameter and the cutting tip 410 is uniform with thecutting portion 408 such that it has a diameter that is approximatelyequal to the diameter of the cutting portion 408 of the end mill 404;however, in some embodiments, the cutting tip 410 is tapered or bulbed.

In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 404 of the second operation(Op2) is oriented at approximately 0.5 mm above (in the “Z” dimension)what would be the base 118 of the finished slot 100, and then fedthrough the work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately 400 mm/min,in a trochoidal path having a trochoidal step-over of approximately 1.0mm, and with a rotational speed of approximately 1,600 rpm. Performingthe second operation (Op2) with the foregoing parameters forms thebottom portion 402 of the slot 100 such that the bottom portion 402 hasa width of approximately 19 mm and such that a base 412 of the bottomportion 402 is approximately 0.5 mm above (in the “Z” dimension) thebase 118 of the finished slot 100. The bottom portion 402 isdimensionally smaller than its corresponding portions of the (finished)slot 100 such that a second allowance remains about the bottom portion402 that will be removed via one or more subsequent material removalsteps. As will be appreciated, the trochoidal path of the end mill 404produces a bottom portion 402 of the slot 100 that is wider than thediameter of the end mill 404.

As with the first operation (Op1), some embodiments of the secondoperation (Op2) may utilize a coolant to keep the end mill 404 cool, tokeep the exposed surfaces of the bottom portion 402 of the slot 100cool, to assist in removal of swarth generated during the cuttingprocess of the second operation (Op2), and/or to provide lubrication.For example, the end mill 404 may include a through coolant system suchthat coolant flows through a channel within the end mill 404 and isexpelled therefrom via an aperture 414 at the cutting tip 410. It willbe appreciated, however, that coolant may be introduced during thesecond operation (Op2) in other manners as known in the art.

The roughening operation of the second operation (Op2) may be performeddifferently, for example, with a different cutter tool. FIGS. 5A-5Billustrate aspects of an alternate embodiment of the second operation(Op2) utilizing one such alternate/different cutter tool. Morespecifically, FIG. 5A illustrates the roughening of a bottom portion 502of the slot 100 that may be formed during the second operation (Op2) andFIG. 5B illustrates a bulbed tool or end mill 504 utilized in theillustrated embodiment to cut or roughen the bottom portion 502 of theslot 100. It will be appreciated, however, that in even otherembodiments, the second operation (Op2) includes two separatesub-operations performed one after the other, with the first suchsub-operation utilizing the end mill 404 as detailed above and thesecond such sub-operation performed utilizing the end mill 504 (withalternate, bulbed geometry) as detailed below.

In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 504 is an HPR toolcomprising a shank 506, and a bulbed cutting portion 508 that terminatesat a cutting tip 510; and, in one specific embodiment, the end mill 504is tool number S03324 iss1 and the bulbed cutting portion 508 has anapproximately 22 mm diameter.

In some embodiments, the end mill 504 of the alternate second operation(Op2) may follow the same tool path with the same operating parametersas detailed with reference to end mill 404, above. By using the end mill504 that is bulbed rather than uniform in width along the length of itscutting portion (i.e, like the end mill 404), additional material willbe removed from the work piece 102 on each side of the bottom portion502 of the slot 100 as compared to the bottom portion 402 of the slot.Accordingly, an additional 2 mm (approximately) of material will beremoved per side from the groove formed in the second operation (Op2)when utilizing the end mill 504 as opposed to the end mill 404; and thebottom portion 502 formed via the end mill 504 will be approximately 4mm wider (2 mm per side) than the bottom portion 402 formed via the endmill 404 that is not bulbed. Despite this additional removal ofmaterial, it will be appreciated that an alternate second allowance ofmaterial remains about the bottom portion 402 that will be removed viaone or more subsequent material removal steps.

Moreover, this alternate embodiment of the second operation (Op2) mayutilize a coolant in a similar manner as described with reference to thefirst operation (Op1) and/or the other embodiment of the secondoperation (Op2) detailed above. Thus, for example, the end mill 504 mayinclude a through coolant system such that coolant flows through achannel within the end mill 504 and is expelled therefrom via anaperture 514 at the cutting tip 510.

Following the roughening processes of the first and second operations(Op1, Op2), the bulb portion 110 of the bottom portion 402 (and/or thebottom portion 502) is roughened via the third operation (Op3) to form aroughened bulb slot 602 that may eventually be machined into the(finished) slot 100 via one or more subsequent operations. FIGS. 6A-6Cillustrate aspects of the third operation (Op3) that form the roughenedbulb slot 602 according to one or more embodiments. More specifically,FIG. 6A illustrates the roughening of a left side 602 a of the roughenedbulb slot 602 formed during the first pass of the third operation (Op3),whereas FIG. 6B illustrates a right side 602 b of the roughened bulbslot 602 formed during the second pass of the third operation (Op3).

Upon completion of the second operation (Op2), the end mill 404 and/or504 is/are removed from the spindle (and/or the collet thereof) of themilling machine, and an end mill 604 of the third operation (Op3) isinstalled therein. The end mill 604 of the third operation (Op3) isillustrated in FIG. 6C. In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 604is a bulbed HPR tool comprising a shank 606 that extends into a taperedportion 608, and a bulbed cutting portion 610 extending from a taperedend of the tapered portion 608 and terminating at a cutting tip 612. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the end mill 604 of the third operation(Op3) is tool number S02520 iss1, and the bulbed cutting portion 610thereof has a radial depth of cut dimension (Ae) of approximately 7 mmand an approximately 32 mm diameter. In addition, the shank 606 has anapproximately 20 mm diameter, whereas the tapered portion 608 extendsfrom a non-tapered end thereof also having an approximately 20 mmdiameter and tapers down to an approximately 18 mm diameter as measuredat the junction between the tapered end of the tapered portion 608 andthe bulbed cutting portion 610.

In this material removal process, the end mill 604 of the thirdoperation (Op3) is oriented at approximately 0.6 mm above (in the “Z”dimension) the base 118 of the finished slot 100 and begins to rotatewith a speed of approximately 600 rpm. Then, the end mill 604 is offsetapproximately 0.6 mm to the left of the finished surface left followingthe prior operation (i.e., the second operation (Op2)), so as to roughenthe left side 602 a of the bulb portion 110 and the tapered portion 114of the roughened bulb slot 602 and fed straight through the work piece102 at a feed rate of approximately 60 mm/min to perform a first profilecut. In the illustrated embodiment, this first profile cut leavesapproximately 0.6 mm of material around the form to be removed byfurther operations. Following this first pass of the end mill 604 thatroughens the left side 602 a of the roughened bulb slot 602, the endmill 604 is offset approximately 0.6 mm to the right of the finishedsurface left following the prior operation (i.e., the second operation(Op2)), so as to roughen the right side 602 b of the bulb portion 110and the tapered portion 114 of the roughened bulb slot 602 and fedstraight through the work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately 70mm/min to perform a second profile cut. In the illustrated embodiment,this second profile cut leaves approximately 0.6 mm of material aroundthe form to be removed by further operations. It will be appreciated,however, that in other embodiments, the right side 602 b is roughened onthe first pass and the left side 602 a is roughened on the second pass.Performing the third operation (Op3) with the foregoing parameters formsthe left and right sides 602 a,602 b of the bulb portion 110 of theroughened bulb slot 602. Despite this removal of additional material, itwill be appreciated that a third allowance of material remains, forexample, about the bulb portion 110 and the tapered portion 114 of theroughened bulb slot 602, that will be removed via one or more subsequentmaterial removal steps.

In at least some embodiments, the third operation (Op3) includesutilization of a coolant to keep the end mill 604 cool, to keep theexposed portions of the left and right sides 602 a,602 b of the bulbportion 110 cool during roughening, to assist in removal of swarthgenerated during the cutting process of the third operation (Op3),and/or to provide lubrication. In one embodiment, a flood coolant systemis utilized; however, in other embodiments, the end mill 604 may bearranged with a through coolant system as described above.

Following the bulb roughing process of the third operation (Op3), thegroove portion 108 (including the tapered portion 114) and the bulbportion 110 of roughened bulb slot 602 undergo a semi-finishing processvia the fourth operation (Op4). FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate aspects of thefourth operation (Op4) according to one or more embodiments. Morespecifically, FIG. 7A illustrates the semi-finishing process that formsa semi-finished slot 702 having a left and right side 702 a,b via thefourth operation (Op4), and illustrates the groove portion 108 and thebulb portion 110 of the semi-finished slot 702 that are at leastpartially finished during the fourth operation (Op4). FIG. 7Billustrates a tool or end mill 704 utilized in the illustratedembodiment to machine the left and right sides 702 a,b of thesemi-finished slot 702 that may thereafter be machined into the(finished) slot 100 via one or more subsequent operations.

Thus, upon completion of the third operation (Op3), the end mill 604 isremoved from the spindle (and/or the collet thereof) of the millingmachine, and the end mill 704 of the fourth operation (Op4) is installedtherein. In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 704 is an HPRbulbed-taper tool comprising a shank 706, a cutting portion 708 thatextends into a tapered cutting portion 710, and a bulbed cutting portion712 extending from a tapered end of the tapered cutting portion 710 andterminating at a cutting tip 714. In the illustrated embodiment, the endmill 704 of the fourth operation (Op4) is tool number S02560 iss1, andthe bulbed cutting portion 712 thereof has a radial depth of cutdimension (Ae) of approximately 0.45 mm and an approximately 33.5 mmdiameter. In this embodiment, the cutting portion 708 of the end mill704 has an approximately 20 mm diameter and the tapered cutting portion710 tapers down to an approximately 18 mm diameter as measured at thejunction between the tapered end of the tapered cutting portion 710 andthe bulbed cutting portion 712.

Here, the end mill 704 of the fourth operation (Op4) is oriented atapproximately 0.15 mm above (in the “Z” dimension) the base 118 of thefinished slot 100 and begins to rotate with a speed of approximately 550rpm. Then the end mill 704 is offset approximately 0.15 mm to the leftof the finished surface left following the prior operation (i.e., thethird operation (Op3)), to roughen the left side 702 a of the grooveportion 108 and the bulb portion 110 of the semi-finished slot 702, andfed straight through the work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately68 mm/min to perform a first profile cut. Following this first pass ofthe end mill 704 that roughens the left side 702 a of the semi-finishedslot 702, the end mill 704 is offset approximately 0.15 mm to the rightof the finished surface left following the prior operation (i.e., thethird operation (Op3)), so as to roughen the right side 702 b of thegroove portion 108 and the bulb portion 110 of the semi-finished slot702, and fed straight through the work piece 102 at a feed rate ofapproximately 68 mm/min to perform a second profile cut. It will beappreciated, however, that in other embodiments the right side 702 b maybe roughened on the first pass and the left side 702 a may be roughenedon the second pass.

Performing the fourth operation (Op4) removes material from the left andright sides 602 a,b of the roughened bulb slot 602 to form thesemi-finished slot 702, and machines portions of the roughened bulb slot602, for example, the groove portion 108 and the bulb portion 110, sothere will be consistent stock left for subsequent operations, such as afinishing operation. Despite this removal of additional material, itwill be appreciated that a fourth allowance of material remains, forexample, about the groove portion 108 and the bulb portion 110 on theleft and right sides 702 a,b of the semi-finished slot 702, that will beremoved via one or more subsequent material removal steps. In theillustrated embodiment, In the illustrated embodiment, the first andsecond profile cuts performed in the fourth operation (Op4) leaveapproximately 0.15 mm of material around the form to be removed byfurther operations.

In addition, the fourth operation (Op4) may utilize a coolant system asdescribed above, for example, to keep the end mill 704 cool, to keep theexposed portions of the left and right sides 702 a,702 b of the grooveportion 108 and the bulb portion 110 cool during roughening, to assistin removal of swarth generated during the cutting process of the fourthoperation (Op4), and/or to provide lubrication. Thus, a flood coolantsystem may be utilized as described with reference to the thirdoperation (Op3); however, in other embodiments, the end mill 704 may bearranged with a through coolant system.

Following the semi-finishing process of the fourth operation (Op4), thesemi-finished slot 702 (resulting from the fourth operation (Op4)) maybe subjected to a finishing process such as the fifth operation (Op5),which removes any remaining allowances (e.g., the fourth allowance) toform the (finished) slot 100. FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate aspects of thefifth operation (Op5) according to one or more embodiments. Morespecifically, FIG. 8A illustrates the slot 100 that has been finishedaccording to the fifth operation (Op5). FIG. 8B illustrates a tool orend mill 804 utilized in the illustrated embodiment to machine the leftand right sides 702 a,b of the semi-finished slot 702 to form the grooveportion 108 and the bulb portion 110 of the (finished) slot 100.

Upon completion of the fourth operation (Op4), the end mill 704 isremoved from the spindle (and/or the collet thereof) of the millingmachine, and the end mill 804 of the fifth operation (Op5) is installedtherein. In the illustrated embodiment, the end mill 804 is a finishingtool comprising a shank 806, a cutting portion 808 that extends/tapersinto a tapered portion 810 thereof, and a bulbed cutting portion 812that extends from a tapered end of the tapered portion 810 andterminates at a cutting tip 814. In the illustrated embodiment, the endmill 804 is tool number S02515 iss1, and the bulbed cutting portion 812thereof has a radial depth of cut dimension (Ae) of approximately 0.15mm and an approximately 35 mm diameter. In this embodiment, the cuttingportion 808 of the end mill 804 has an approximately 20 mm diameter andthe tapered cutting portion 810 tapers down to approximately 18 mm indiameter as measured at the junction between the tapered end of thetapered cutting portion 810 and the bulbed cutting portion 812.

Here, the end mill 804 of the fifth operation (Op5) is oriented (in the“Z” dimension) relative to the semi-finished slot 702 at the depth ofthe (finished) slot 100 (i.e., oriented at a depth corresponding to thebase 118 of the (finished) slot 100) and begins to rotate with a speedof approximately 600 rpm. Then the end mill 804 is offset to the left ofthe centerline 104 to finish the left side 702 a of the semi-finishedslot 702 via a first pass where the end mill 804 is fed straight throughthe work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately 100 mm/min to performa first profile finish cut. Then the end mill 804 is offset to the rightof the centerline 104 to finish the right side 702 b of thesemi-finished slot 702 via a second pass where the end mill 804 is fedstraight through the work piece 102 at a feed rate of approximately 100mm/min to perform a second profile finish cut. Here, the end mill 804may be offset to the left and right of the center line 104 to create thefinal form of the slot. Thus, the end mill 804 may be off set at variousdistances depending on the dimension of the end mill 804 utilized inorder to bring the end mill 804 to the position to create the finishform, and the amount of offset may vary depending on the dimensions ofthe end mill 804, and the dimensions of each of the preceding tools,which dimensions may vary based on how they are staged or re-ground asdetailed below.

Performing the fifth operation (Op5) removes material from the left andright sides 702 a,b of the semi-finished slot 702 to form the (finished)slot 100, and finishes/machines the entirety of the of the semi-finishedslot 702, including the groove portion 108 and the bulb portion 110,thereby improving the surface finish of the slot 100 after the bulk ofthe material has been removed via prior machining operations. Inaddition, the fifth operation (Op5) may utilize a coolant system asdescribed above, for example, to keep the end mill 804 cool, to keep theexposed portions of the left and right sides 702 a,702 b of thesemi-finished slot 702 cool during finishing, to assist in removal ofswarth generated during the cutting process of the fifth operation(Op5), and/or to provide lubrication. Thus, a flood coolant system maybe utilized as described with reference to the third and fourthoperations (Op3, Op4); however, in other embodiments, the end mill 804may be arranged with a through coolant system.

Also disclosed herein are alternate machining sequences for machining aslot, such as the slot 100 or other slots having different dimensionsand/or form characteristics. FIG. 9 illustrates an alternate slotmilling sequence 900 that may be utilized to form a slot, according toone or more other embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 10illustrates a slot 1000 formed in a work piece 1002 utilizing the slotmilling sequence 900 of FIG. 9. Either the slot method 200 of FIG. 2 orthe slot milling sequence 900 of FIG. 9 may be utilized depending on theparameters of a particular application. For example, the slot millingsequence 200 may be utilized in applications where access to the workpiece is limited.

In the illustrated embodiment, the slot milling sequence 900 includessix distinct operations or processes. For example, the slot millingsequence 900 includes a first operation (Op1), which is a firstroughening operation that removes material from the work piece 1002 toform a main portion 1100 of the slot 1000. FIG. 11 illustrates the mainportion 1100 of the slot 1000 formed via the milling sequence 900,according to one or more embodiments. The first operation (Op1) of theslot milling sequence 900 may be performed utilizing a high performancerougher end mill that follows a straight tool pass through the workpiece 1002 or via trochoidal milling tool path. In the illustratedembodiment, the first operation (Op1) utilizes a trochoidal millingprocess to roughen the main portion 1100 of the slot 1000. The firstoperation (Op1) of the slot milling sequence 900 may be identical orsubstantially similar to the first operation (Op1) of the slot millingsequence 200 illustrated with respect to FIG. 2. FIG. 11 alsoillustrates an allowance 1102, which is remaining material of the workpiece 1002 that will be removed in subsequent operations to form theslot 1000.

The slot milling sequence 900 may also include a second operation (Op2),which is a second roughening operation. In contrast to the secondoperation (Op2) of the slot milling sequence 200 illustrated withrespect to FIG. 2, the second operation (Op2) of the slot millingsequence 900 may be utilized to roughen and remove material from thework piece 1002 at the upper end of the slot 1000 to form upper angleportions 1200 a,1200 b during formation of the slot 1000. Also, thesecond operation (Op2) of the slot milling sequence 900 may utilize thesame high performance roughing end mill or other roughening milling toolthat was utilized in first operation (Op1) of the slot milling sequence900. Utilization of the same roughing tooling will save time and cost,as less tools are used and the machines do not need to be shut down toreplace the tooling therein. FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate the upper angleportions 1200 a,1200 b formed via the second operation (Op2) of themilling sequence 900, according to one or more embodiments. Here, acutting tool 1202 (i.e., the cutting tool utilized in the firstoperation (Op1) of the slot milling sequence 900) is tipped or tiltedsuch that it is oriented at an angle relative to the work piece 1002. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the cutting tool 1202 is oriented at anangle of ten degrees relative to the work piece 1002; however, it may beoriented at other angle depending on the particular end use application,for example, at an angle between five to fifteen degrees. Indeed, thecutting tool 1202 may be tilted at various other angles as may bedetermined by the geometry of the subsequently utilized form tools(e.g., such as bulb tools) in the fourth, fifth, and sixth operationsdescribed below. The tipping or tilting angle of the cutting tool 1202may correspond with the geometry of the form tools utilized insubsequent steps. Once the cutting tool 1202 is tipped or tilted intothe appropriate angular orientation relative to the work piece 1002, thecutting tool 1202 is passed through the main portion 1100 of the slot1000 a first time to roughen one of the upper angle portions 1200 a,1200b, and then the cutting tool 1202 is passed there through a second timeto roughen the second of the upper angle portions 1200 a,1200 b. FIGS.12A-12C also illustrates the allowance 1102 that remains in the workpiece 1002 following the second operation (Op2) and that will be removedduring subsequent operations to form the slot 1000, with FIG. 12Billustrating removal of the allowance 1102 (remaining following thefirst operation (Op1)) along the left hand side of the slot and FIG. 12Cillustrating removal of the allowance 1102 (remaining following thefirst operation (Op1)) along the right hand side of the slot.

The slot milling sequence 900 may also include a third operation (Op3),which is a third roughening operation. The third operation (Op3) of theslot milling sequence 900 may be utilized to roughen and remove bulkmaterial from the work piece 1002 at the lower end of the slot 1000 toform lower angle portions 1300 a,1300 b during formation of the slot1000. This roughening step will remove the bulk of the material in thebulb portion or bottom portion of the slot 1000, which will reduce loadexerted on subsequent tools. Accordingly, subsequent tools (e.g.,subsequent form roughing tools) may encounter reduced stress as they areremoving less material, which may otherwise require design changes tosubsequent form roughing tools and may also inhibit tool conversion andstaging (e.g., converting a finishing tool to a semi-finishing tool andthen converting the semi-finishing tool to a form roughing tool) asdescribed below. Also, the third operation (Op3) of the slot millingsequence 900 may utilize the same roughening milling tool as wasutilized in first operation (Op1) and the second operation (Op2) of theslot milling sequence 900. Utilization of the same roughing tooling fora third consecutive roughening operation will create even moreefficiency by saving additional time and cost in the form of lessequipment down time to change tooling and utilization of less tooling.FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate the lower angle portions 1300 a,1300 b formedvia the third operation (Op3) of the milling sequence 900, according toone or more embodiments. Similar to the second operation (Op2), thecutting tool 1202 (i.e., the cutting tool utilized in the firstoperation (Op1) and the second operation (Op2) of the slot millingsequence 900) is tipped or tilted such that it is oriented at an anglerelative to the work piece 1002. The cutting tool 1202 may be orientedat various angles relative to the work piece 1002 to facilitate removalof the bulk of the material from the bulb area of the slot 1000. In theillustrated embodiment, the cutting tool 1202 is oriented at an angle offifteen (15) to seventeen (17) degrees relative to the work piece 1002;however, it may be oriented at other angles, greater or larger,depending on the particular end use application, for example, at anangle between five (5) to twenty (20) degrees. Indeed, the cutting tool1202 may be tilted at various other angles as may be determined by thegeometry of the subsequently utilized form tools (e.g., such as bulbtools) in the fourth, fifth, and sixth operations described below. Thetipping or tilting angle of the cutting tool 1202 may correspond withthe geometry of the form tools utilized in subsequent steps. In someembodiments, the cutting tool 1202 is moved in a 3D arc so that itfollows the bottom of the slot when moving to create the arc slot. Oncethe cutting tool 1202 is tipped or tilted into the appropriate angularorientation relative to the work piece 1002, the cutting tool 1202 ispassed through the main portion 1100 of the slot 1000 a first time toroughen one of the lower angle portions 1300 a,1300 b, and then thecutting tool 1202 is passed there through a second time to roughen thesecond of the lower angle portions 1300 a,1300 b. FIGS. 13A-13C alsoillustrates the allowance 1102 that remains in the work piece 1002following the third operation (Op3) and that will be removed duringsubsequent operations to form the slot 1000, with FIG. 13B illustratingremoval of the allowance 1102 (remaining following the second operation(Op2)) along the left hand side of the slot and FIG. 13C illustratingremoval of the allowance 1102 (remaining following the second operation(Op2)) along the right hand side of the slot.

The slot milling sequence 900 may also include a fourth operation (Op4)which is a third roughening operation. The fourth operation (Op4) mayutilize a form tool such as a bulb tool and may be performedsubstantially similar to or the same as the third operation (Op3) of theslot milling sequence 200 of FIG. 2, described above. Thus, theroughening form tool may make two passes in total to roughen each sideof the slot, with a first pass removing material on a first side and asecond pass removing material on a second side to form the slot 1000.FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate bulbs 1400 a,1400 b roughened via the fourthoperation (Op4) of the milling sequence 900, according to one or moreembodiments. FIGS. 14A-14C also illustrates the allowance 1102 thatremains in the work piece 1002 following the fourth operation (Op4) andthat will be removed during subsequent operations to form the slot 1000,with FIG. 14B illustrating removal of the allowance 1102 (remainingfollowing the third operation (Op3)) along the left hand side of theslot and FIG. 14C illustrating removal of the allowance 1102 (remainingfollowing the third operation (Op3)) along the right hand side of theslot.

The slot milling sequence 900 may also include a fifth operation (Op5)which is a semi-finishing operation. The fifth operation (Op5) mayutilize a form tool such as a semi-finishing bulb tool and may beperformed substantially similar to or the same as the fourth operation(Op4) of the slot milling sequence 200 of FIG. 2, described above. Thus,the semi-finishing form tool may make two passes in total to engage eachside of the slot, with a first pass removing material on a first sideand a second pass removing material on a second side to form the slot1000. FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate semi-finished sides 1500 a,1500 b formedvia the fifth operation (Op5) of the milling sequence 900, according toone or more embodiments. FIGS. 15A-15C also illustrates the allowance1102 that remains in the work piece 1002 following the fifth operation(Op5) and that will be removed during the subsequent operation to formthe slot 1000, with FIG. 15B illustrating removal of the allowance 1102(remaining following the fourth operation (Op4)) along the left handside of the slot and FIG. 15C illustrating removal of the allowance 1102(remaining following the fourth operation (Op4)) along the right handside of the slot.

The slot milling sequence 900 may also include a sixth operation (Op6)which is a finishing operation. The sixth operation (Op6) may utilize aform tool such as a finishing bulb tool and may be performedsubstantially similar to or the same as the fifth operation (Op5) of theslot milling sequence 200 of FIG. 2, described above. Thus, thefinishing form tool may make two passes in total to finish each side ofthe slot, with a first pass finishing a first side of the slot 1000 anda second pass finishing a second side of the slot 1000. FIGS. 16A-16Cillustrate finished sides 1600 a,1600 b formed via the sixth operation(Op6) of the slot milling sequence 900, according to one or moreembodiments. Here, no allowance remains in the work piece 1002 followingthe sixth operation (Op6) as the slot 1000 has been “finished” via thisfinishing operation.

In some instances, a smearing or “black fleck” may form on the workpiece, and one or more of the cutting tools utilized in the foregoingslot milling sequences 200,900 may be configured to remove this smearingor “black fleck.” This smearing or “black fleck,” also known as alphacase, is an oxygen-enriched phase that occurs when Titanium and itsalloys are exposed to heated air or oxygen, resulting in formation of anunderlying oxygen enriched metallic layer may form on the work piece.Alpha case is hard and brittle and must be removed before components areput into service. Normal methods of removal include shot blasting andpickling, hot salt bath descaling and machining, grinding and the like.

FIG. 17 illustrates a side view of an exemplary tool 1700 configured toinhibit or eliminate the foregoing smearing or “black fleck.” The tool1700 includes a central axis 1702 extending from a cutting or axial face1704 toward a shank portion 1706. The tool 1700 may be configured with aplurality of flutes that define a cutting portion 1708 of thereof thatextends from the axial face 1704 towards the shank portion 1706. Theshank portion 1706 may be configured to reduce pull out and controlgauge length. The latter feature will help inhibit the operator fromsetting the wrong height and stop twisting and pulling out of the toolfrom the holder. In one example, the shank portion 1706 is configuredwith an MST Z-Lock shank to inhibit slipping and pull out.

In the illustrate embodiment, the tool 1700 includes five flutes but itmay instead include more or less than five flutes. Regardless of number,the flutes may be uniformly evenly arranged about the central axis 1702or the flutes may instead be configured with an unequal indexing. Thetool 1700 also includes a plurality of peripheral cutting edgesextending radially projecting from the central axis 1702 and extendinghelically around the central axis 1702. The cutting edges are arrangedat a helix angle, and the helix angle may range between fifteen andforty-five degrees. In some, embodiments, each of the cutting edgesincludes the same helix angle, whereas, in other embodiments, one ormore of the cutting edges may include a different helix angle relativeto the helix angles of one or more of the other cutting edges. Inaddition, the cutting edges may each be arranged at the same ordifferent radial rake angles, where a radial rake angle is the rakeangle of a peripheral cutting edge on a cross-section to the centralaxis 1702 of the tool 1700. The radial rake angle determines the cuttingedge sharpness and strength, and may range between zero and twentydegrees. In addition, the tool 1700 may include one or more jet streamsextending from the shank portion 1706 towards the axial face 1704 and,in some embodiments, extending into the cutting portion 1708. The tool1700 may also include a central coolant hole (obscured from view)extending into and through the shank portion 1706, into the cuttingportion 1708, and exiting at side exit holes (not illustrated) forproviding coolant at difficult to reach areas, for example, within theflutes of the cutting portion 1708. In even other embodiments, thecentral coolant hole extends into an opening on the axial face 1704(which may be larger or smaller than the side exit holes) and, asdetailed below, this opening on the axial face 1704 that is incommunication with the central coolant hole is added during theconversion process.

As mentioned, the cutting portion 1708 includes a number of cuttingedges. The cutting edges have peripheral portions as illustrated in theside view of FIG. 17. The cutting edges also extend onto the axial face1704 of the tool 1700 and thus include axial portions. In addition, theaxial face 1704 of the tool 1700 may be configured to inhibit oreliminate the foregoing smearing or “black fleck.”

FIGS. 18 and 19 are top views of the tool 1700 of FIG. 17, according toone or more embodiments. In particular, FIG. 18 illustrates the axialface 1704 of the tool 1700 configured with a tooth over center feature1800. The tooth over center feature 1800 inhibits or eliminates theforegoing smearing or “black fleck,” and otherwise helps reduce tramlines down the center of the slot. Thus, the tool 1700 may be utilizedin any of the above described operations (i.e., of either of the slotmilling sequences 200,900) to eliminate smearing or “black fleck.” Inaddition, the tool 1700 may include a through hole with side exit holeor side Jetstream slots to deliver coolant into difficult to reachareas.

When evaluating a top view of the tool 1700 as shown in FIGS. 18 and 19,the central axis 1702 defines a center point 1802. In addition, a planeextending through the central axis 1702 is illustrated in FIGS. 18 and19 as a center line 1804. As illustrated, each of the cutting edgesextends onto the axial face 1704 of the tool 1700, from a periphery 1806of the tool 1700 towards the center point 1802. In this manner, each ofthe cutting edges defines a tooth on the axial face 1704 of the tool1700. Various number of teeth may be provided on the axial face 1704depending on the number of flutes and cutting edges. In the illustratedembodiment, the tool 1700 includes five teeth 1810,1812,1814,1816,1818.However, more or less than five teeth may be provided.

As mentioned above, the tool 1700 may be configured with a tooth overcenter feature 1800. Accordingly, one of the teeth1810,1812,1814,1816,1818 may extend inward from the periphery 1806 ofthe tool 1700 (towards the center point 1802 and) beyond the centerpoint 1802. Here, the first tooth 1810 extends inward from the periphery1806, in a direction towards the center point 1802, beyond the centerline 1804 a distance □. Accordingly, the tool 1700 may be configured tobe a center cutting tool in that at least one of the teeth1810,1812,1814,1816,1818 extends beyond the center line 1804 such that acutting element is provided at the center point 1802. The remainingteeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 extend inward towards the center point 1802,but end a distance from the center point 1802. In some embodiments, eachof the teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 are equally off-set from the centerpoint 1802 and thus end the same distance from the center point 1802. Inthe illustrated embodiment, however, the teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 maybe off-set from the center point 1802 at different distances and thusall end at variable distances from the center point 1802. For example,the remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 are each off-set from the centerpoint 1802 at varying distances, with the second tooth 1812 being closerin distance to the center point 1802 than the third tooth 1814, thethird tooth 1814 being closer in distance to the center point 1802 thanthe fourth tooth 1816, and the fourth tooth 1816 being closer indistance to the center point 1802 than the fifth tooth 1818. In otherembodiments, the remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 may each bedistanced from the center point 1802 at different distances, or theremaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 may be equally off-set from thecenter point 1802 at equal distances.

Bulb slots disclosed herein may be formed with a suite of different formtools, such as bulb tools, and these form tools may be staged orconverted into new form tools utilized in other operations. Morespecifically, a form rougher, a form semi-finish, and a form finishertool may all be utilized in sequence during a machining process, and theform finisher tool may be converted to the form semi-finisher tooland/or to the form rougher tool. For example, the finishing toolutilized in a finishing operation (e.g., in the fifth operation (Op5) ofsequence 200 or the sixth operation (Op6) of sequence 900) may beconverted into the semi-finishing tool utilized in a semi-finishingoperation (e.g., in the fourth operation (Op4) of sequence 200 or thefifth operation (Op5) of sequence 900) after performing a number offinishing operations; and then that converted semi-finishing tool may beconverted into the form roughing tool utilized in a roughening operationafter performing a number of semi-finishing operations. This staging orconversion of tools may be performed by grinding and resizing the toolsas hereinafter described. Converting tools in this manner will result insignificant cost savings, and amortized costs will be massively reducedby converting and regrinding. Moreover, converting tools in this mannermay reduce lead time to the customer.

The various form tools utilized to form bulb slots have differentgeometries and cutting features. In one or more embodiments, the tool1700 with the over center feature 1800 is a finishing tool that may beutilized in finishing operations, for example, such as the fifthoperation (Op5) of the slot milling sequence 200 of FIG. 2 or the sixthoperation (Op6) of the slot milling sequence 900 of FIG. 9. Here, thetool 1700 configured as a finishing tool is the largest of the tools(i.e., larger than the form semi-finisher tool and the form roughertool) and configured to produce the slot 1000 within a form tolerance ofabout a +/−0.010 mm. This finishing tool may have a non-honed cuttingedge. As mentioned, the tool 1700 may be converted from the formfinishing tool to a form semi-finishing tool after performing a numberof finishing operations. Here, the tool 1700 configured as asemi-finisher tool is smaller in diameter than the finishing tool byabout 0.5 to 2.5 mm, and in some embodiments, the semi-finisher tool issmaller in diameter by about 0.05 to 1.5 mm or by about 1 to 1.5 mm.Also here, the form of the semi-finisher tool may be off-set from afinal form surface of the slot by approximately 0.15 mm during each passof the semi-finishing operation. In one embodiment, the semi-finishertool has a diameter that has been reduced by about 1.5 mm. Thesemi-finisher tool may have a honed edge, for example, a variable edgehone between 0.005 and 0.020 mm. Also, the tool 1700 configured as asemi-finisher tool need not include the tooth over center feature 1800.After being converted to a form semi-finishing tool and performing anumber of semi-finishing operations, the tool 1700 may then beconfigured to be converted into a form roughing tool. Here, the tool1700 configured as a rougher tool is smaller in diameter than thesemi-finishing tool by about 0.5 to 1.5 mm, and the form may be off-setfrom the finished surface of the slot subsequently formed (i.e., in theprior operation) by approximately 0.6 mm during each pass of theroughening operation. In one embodiment, the rougher tool has a diameterthat is reduced by about 1.5 mm. By offsetting the semi-finisher tooland the rougher tool in this manner described above, sufficient materialis removed within the form slot during the respective roughing andsemi-finishing operations such that later operations are not overloadedwith too much material to remove that may overload subsequent tools andimpact consistency and deviation from final form. For example,offsetting as described above leaves less material on for the finishingoperation (i.e., 0.15 mm) so there is less load on the finishing tooland it will hold a more consistent size. Leaving more on after theroughing operation (0.6 mm) creates more load and potentially risk ofdeviating from final form.

The roughing tool may have chip breaker features on the cutting edge, aswell as a honed edge, for example, a variable edge hone between 0.005and 0.020 mm. Addition of the chip breaker features to the roughing toolmay help the operator identify which tool the tool 1700 has beenconverted into (e.g., whether the tool is a finisher with tooth overcenter, semi-finisher without tooth over center, or a rougher with chipbreakers and without tooth over center). Also, the various tooldiameters may also help differentiate the configuration of the tool1700. Addition of the chip breaker features may further reduce loadduring the roughing process. Also, the chip breakers may help reduce theswarth (chip) size and aid chip evacuation, which may enhance toolefficiency as re-cutting the chips risks chipping the tool, reducingtool life, and/or damaging the component.

Even further, the tool 1700, regardless of whether configured as afinisher, semi-finisher, or rougher, may have a coating. The coating maybe applied via any number of processes, for example a physical vapordeposition (“PVD”) process. Various types of coating may be utilized.For example, the tool 1700, regardless of its configuration, may includea Titanium Aluminum Silicon Nitride (TiAlSiN) PVD coating or an AluminumTitanium Chromium Nitride (AlTiCrN) PVD coating.

Thus, methods for converting tools are also disclosed herein. Forexample, a method may include the steps of providing the tool 1700having the over center feature 1800, performing one or more finishingoperations, and then converting the tool 1700 to either a semi-finishingtool or a roughing tool.

Converting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishing tool may include a numberof steps. For example, after performing one or more finishingoperations, converting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishing tool mayinclude grinding the over center feature 1800 such that the first tooth1810 is removed and grinding the tool to reduce diameter. Where the tool1700 is being converted from a finishing tool to the semi-finishingtool, the diameter may be ground by about 0.5 mm or more and, in oneembodiment, the diameter is ground by about 1.5 mm. In addition,converting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishing tool may include grindingthe remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818. Here, the remaining teeth1812,1814,1816,1818 may each be ground such that they are all equallyoff-set from the center point 1802 (i.e., at equal distances) or suchthat at least one of the remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 is off-setat a different distance from the center point 1802 as compared to theothers of the remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 (i.e., at varieddistances). In addition, converting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishingtool may include the step of creating a central coolant hole exiting atthe axial face 1704, for example, using electrical discharge machiningto form a coolant hole that extends through the tool 1700 along thecentral axis 1702 and opens at the center point 1802. In someembodiments, the central coolant hole is smaller than the centralthrough hole connected to the side holes, such that the pressure ofcoolant exiting the side holes is increased. Moreover, the step ofconverting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishing tool may include honingthe cutting edges. The cutting edges may be honed to have uniform edgehone or a variable edge hone, for example, between 0.005 and 0.020 mm.Also, the step of converting the tool 1700 into a semi-finishing toolmay include coating the tool 1700.

Converting the tool 1700 into a roughing tool may include a number ofsteps. Where the tool 1700 is being converted from the finishing toolinto the roughing tool, after performing one or more finishingoperations, converting the tool 1700 into a roughing tool may includegrinding the over center feature 1800 such that the first tooth 1810 isremoved and grinding the tool to reduce tool diameter. Here, thediameter may be ground by about 2.0 mm or more and, in one embodiment,the diameter is ground by about 3.0 mm. In addition, converting the tool1700 into a roughing tool may include grinding the remaining teeth1812,1814,1816,1818. Here, the remaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 mayeach be ground such that they are all equally off-set from the centerpoint 1802 (i.e., at equal distances) or such that at least one of theremaining teeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 is off-set at a different distancefrom the center point 1802 as compared to the others of the remainingteeth 1812,1814,1816,1818 (i.e., at varied distances). Where the tool1700 is being converted from the semi-finishing tool into the roughingtool, after performing one or more semi-finishing operations, convertingthe tool 1700 into a roughing tool may include the step of grinding thetool to reduce diameter. Here, the diameter may be ground by about 1.5mm. Also, the teeth 1810,1812,1814,1816,1818 may be further ground toincrease any or all of their distances from the center point 1802.

The step of converting the tool 1700 into a roughing tool, regardless ofwhether being converted from a finishing tool or semi-finishing tool,may also include the step of grinding chip breaker features on thecutting edges. Also, the step of converting the tool 1700 into aroughing tool may include honing the cutting edges. The cutting edgesmay have uniform edge hone or a variable edge hone, for example, between0.005 and 0.020 mm. In addition, the step of converting the tool 1700into a roughing tool may include creating a central coolant hole exitingat the axial face 1704 if not already provided. Where the centralcoolant hole has previously been provided, for example, when convertingthe finishing tool to the semi-finishing tool, this central coolant holemay be expanded during the step of converting the tool 1700 into aroughing tool. Moreover, the step of converting the tool 1700 into aroughing tool may include coating the tool 1700.

Prior to performing a finishing, a semi-finishing, or a rougheningoperation with the form tool 1700, a probing step may be performed toensure that the proper converted tool will be used for the particularoperation. For example, a laser probe may be utilized determine whetherthe tool 1700 is the finisher tool, the semi-finisher tool, or therougher tool. In particular, the laser probe may measure the tooldiameter of the tool 1700 and that measurement may be compared toreference data that includes the minimum tool dimensions of thefinisher, semi-finisher, and rougher tools to determine which tool isbeing probed. In one example, the difference between the minimumdiameter of the finisher tool and the maximum diameter of thesemi-finisher tool incorporates a safety factor gap of about 0.5 mm; andthe difference between the minimum diameter of the semi-finisher tooland the maximum diameter of the rougher tool incorporates a safetyfactor gap of about 0.5 mm.

As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean plus or minus15% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used.Therefore, “about 40” (or “approximately 40”) means “in the range of 34to 46.” It is also noted that the terms “generally” and “substantially”may be used herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty thatmay be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, orother representation. These terms are also used herein to represent thedegree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a statedreference without resulting in a change in the basic function of thesubject matter at issue.

Therefore, the disclosed systems and methods are well adapted to attainthe ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherenttherein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrativeonly, as the teachings of the present disclosure may be modified andpracticed in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilledin the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, nolimitations are intended to the details of construction or design hereinshown, other than as described in the claims below. It is thereforeevident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above maybe altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are consideredwithin the scope of the present disclosure. The systems and methodsillustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absenceof any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or anyoptional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods aredescribed in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” variouscomponents or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consistessentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. Allnumbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever anumerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, anynumber and any included range falling within the range is specificallydisclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “fromabout a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or,equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to beunderstood to set forth every number and range encompassed within thebroader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain,ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by thepatentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in theclaims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the elementsthat it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word orterm in this specification and one or more patent or other documentsthat may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that areconsistent with this specification should be adopted.

As used herein, the phrase “at least one of” preceding a series ofitems, with the terms “and” or “or” to separate any of the items,modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e.,each item). The phrase “at least one of” allows a meaning that includesat least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of anycombination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. Byway of example, the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” or “at leastone of A, B, or C” each refer to only A, only B, or only C; anycombination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

1. A method of roughing a bulb slot in a work piece, the methodcomprising: roughing a slot in the work piece; roughing upper angleportions in the slot with a first rougher tool fed the through the workpiece along a first tool path tilted in a first orientation and along asecond tool path tilted in a second orientation; roughing lower angleportions in the slot; roughing a bulb form in the upper angle portionsand the lower angle portions of the slot.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the step of roughing a slot in the disc is performed via thefirst rougher tool that is fed through the work piece along a trochoidaltool path.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of roughing lowerangle portions in the slot is performed via the first rougher tool thatis fed through the work piece along a third and fourth tool path,wherein a first of the lower angle portions is formed via the third toolpath and a second of the lower angle portions is formed via the fourthtool path.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising semi-finishingthe bulb form.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising finishingthe bulb form to complete the bulb slot.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein the step of finishing the bulb form to form the bulb slot isperformed via a finishing tool, the finishing tool comprising: aplurality of flutes helically extending along a cutting portion, each ofthe flutes defining a cutting edge; and a plurality of teeth arranged ona cutting face of the finishing tool, each of the teeth extending fromone of cutting edges, at least one of the plurality of teeth extendingover a centerline of the cutting face.
 7. The method of claim 6, whereina remaining set of the plurality of teeth do not extend over thecenterline of the cutting face.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein eachof the remaining set of the plurality of teeth are spaced at equaldistances from a center point of the cutting face.
 9. The method ofclaim 7, wherein at least two of the remaining set of the plurality ofteeth are spaced at unequal distances from a center point of the cuttingface.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the finishing tool includes acentral channel that extends through the finishing tool and opens atleast one side hole provided on at least one of the flutes.
 11. A methodof machining a bulb slot in a work piece, the method comprising:roughing a slot in the work piece; roughing upper angle portions in theslot; roughing lower angle portions in the slot; roughing a bulb form inthe upper angle portions and the lower angle portions of the slot;wherein, the step of roughing lower angle portions in the slot isperformed via a first rougher tool that is fed through the work piecealong a first lower and second lower tool path, wherein a first of thelower angle portions is formed via the first tool path where the firstrougher tool is tilted in a first orientation and a second of the lowerangle portions is formed via the second tool path where the firstrougher tool is tilted in a second orientation.
 12. The method of claim6, wherein the step of roughing a slot in the work piece is performedvia the first rougher tool.
 13. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising semi-finishing the bulb form, wherein the step ofsemi-finishing the bulb form is performed via a semi-finishing tool,wherein the semi-finishing tool is formed from a finishing tool byremoving the at least one of the plurality of teeth that extends overthe centerline of the cutting face.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereinthe semi-finishing tool includes a plurality of cutting edges thathelically extend about a cutting portion of the semi-finishing tool andeach extend into one of the plurality of teeth on the cutting face, thecutting portion defining a diameter that is smaller than the finishingtool.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the semi-finishing toolincludes a central channel that extends through the semi-finishing tooland opens at a hole provided on the cutting face.
 16. The method ofclaim 13 wherein each of the cutting edges includes a variable edgehone.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of roughing the bulbform in the upper angle portions and the lower angle portions of theslot is performed via a form rougher tool, wherein the semi-finishingtool is modified by reducing a diameter of the semi-finishing tool toform the form rougher tool.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein aplurality of chip breaker notches are provided into the cutting edges.19. The method of claim 11, wherein the step of roughing upper angleportions in the slot is performed via the first rougher tool that is fedthrough the work piece along a first upper and second upper tool path,wherein a first of the upper angle portions is formed via the firstupper tool path where the first rougher tool is tilted in a firstorientation and a second of the upper angle portions is formed via thesecond upper tool path where the first rougher tool is tilted in asecond orientation.